Now is a time of reflection and action

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BEN CHACKO ON MIDDLE EAST – Now is a time of reflection and action

Ben Chacko, Morning Star editor,  calls on anti war activists to step up the level of thinking and action, to support the beleaguered peoples of the Middle East.

MIDDLE EAST

has reeled in shock this weekend, as the appalling scale of the terrorist murders in Paris becomes clear. One hundred and twenty-nine people killed, nearly 400 injured, in seven separate but co-ordinated massacres.
Isis has been waging its war of unparalleled brutality in Iraq and Syria for years. Murdering civilians is nothing new to an organisation that executes 10-year-olds, stones women to death and flings gay people from the roofs of buildings, that deems entire villages, towns and peoples unfit to live if they belong to supposedly undesirable religious or ethnic groups.
Nor has its violence been confined to the vast territory it now controls. The 224 people on the doomed Russian airliner departing from Sharm el-Sheikh on October 31 most likely fell victim to its vengeance for the Russian air force’s attacks on Isis.
Thursday evening saw 41 killed in Beirut, probably because Lebanese militant group Hezbollah is helping the Syrian government fight Isis.
On the same evening as the Paris atrocities another 19 died in Baghdad, Shi’ites slaughtered by a suicide bomber for their religion.
Isis is the most recent and the most dangerous of the terrorist movements based on Saudi Arabia’s extremist Wahhabi version of Islam, but there are of course others, most famously al-Qaida, from which Isis originated as a split and whose affiliate the Nusra Front also fights in Syria for the overthrow of the government.
More than the other groups, though, Isis is frightening because it has succeeded in attracting people from our own countries to join it.
The first identified attacker from the Paris attacks was a French citizen, Omar Ismail Mostefai, born in 1985 in the Paris suburb of Courcouronnes.
Last week we had news that a US drone had killed Mohammed Emwazi, who slit the throats of prisoners for propaganda videos and was better known as “Jihadi John,” raised in London. And we know that large numbers of British, French and other European citizens have travelled to Syria to join the terrorists.
Pitiless, apocalyptic and irrational, there is no point in seeking to come to terms with murderers like Isis. The organisation must be defeated. But how?
Any attempt to pin the blame on Islam or Muslims for atrocities like these must be rejected immediately. Muslims across the world have expressed their horror at last Friday’s sickening events.
And, as President Francois Hollande has previously remarked, most victims of terror worldwide are Muslims. Certainly Isis spends most of its time murdering Muslims.
Sectarian hatred has to be faced down by unity and solidarity between people of all faiths and none. Those on the British right such as Ukip who rail at multiculturalism should note that France’s more prescriptive approach to national identity and “French values” has not spared it.
All too often, as with the ban on wearing veils, it has been perceived by disadvantaged communities as racism, however much socialists may respect the tradition of state secularism that goes back to the French Revolution.
Racism and discrimination can only increase the terrorist threat. But neither can we ignore the fact that Isis is currently a very powerful organisation, controlling a territory the size of a country — a first for an organisation of its type — fighting a bitter war to overthrow the Syrian government.
A united front against Isis in Syria is essential. Hilary Benn’s decision to support the peace talks among all anti-Isis forces in Syria, announced to the Independent on Sunday, is a massively positive step.
No-fly zones and military intervention against the Bashar al-Assad regime can only assist Isis, which with no air force would benefit enormously if the Syrians were prevented from bombing its positions. All such talk must now cease.
As for “moderate” rebels, where are they? US General Lloyd Austin testified to the Senate armed services committee back in September that only “four or five” such rebels were still in the field.
Russia’s intervention led to a rethink as Western governments rapidly claimed the Kremlin was targeting the “moderate opposition” rather than Isis, but this was political spin.
Defeating a threat of this nature requires a dose of cold realism and an understanding of why the threat exists. Isis in Syria has benefited enormously from the West’s sponsorship of the revolt against President Assad.
Isis itself has thanked the United States for weapons drops intended for other rebel groups, but which Isis hoovered up. Opposition fighters armed and trained by the US have, on entering Syria, joined Isis; others have handed their weapons over to it.
Turkey, a Nato member and close ally of the US, Britain and France, has allowed armed fighters to pour over its border into Syria. It continues to bomb and attack Kurdish forces fighting against Isis, even when those same troops are co-ordinating with Washington.
The collapse of the Gadaffi regime in Libya following Nato’s intervention on the side of Islamist rebel groups has not only created permanent civil war there, but flooded north Africa with arms, boosting terror organisations across the region.
And the longer story is of course that extremist terror has flourished in Iraq — home, of course, of Isis’s leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi — since the US-British invasion of 2003. After years of total denial, even Tony Blair recently acknowledged that there were “elements of truth” in the assessment that Isis was a child of the Iraq war.
Sadly not everyone is willing to learn the lesson. Hence the revolting spectacle of self-righteous Blairites competing to denounce the Stop the War Coalition over the weekend.
Pointing out the causal links between foreign policy decisions and terrorist attacks is a requirement if any serious effort is to be made to prevent such attacks and tackle the situations which give rise to them.
But for posting an article noting that US support for Sunni extremists had helped lead to the Paris atrocities, Stop the War came in for a barrage of Blairite ire.
Barrow and Furness MP John Woodcock called the group “disgusting apologists” for terrorism. Ilford South’s Mike Gapes says it is “beneath contempt.” Shadow Foreign Office minister Stephen Doughty denounced a “shameful” tweet about the article — which has since been removed — and said it “shows [Stop the War] for who [they] are.”
Even if Stop the War had done nothing else, for organising the largest peaceful protest march in our history in 2003 — when it brought two million onto the streets against the invasion of Iraq — it would deserve an honourable place in the history of British political protest.
Certainly on that occasion it was proved right. And since then Stop the War has continued to campaign for peace despite the mockery and hostility of an Establishment with blood on its hands.
Blairites might hate Stop the War on principle, but it is easy to see why it is being targeted now: because of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn’s long association with the organisation, of which he is a former chairman.
The petty sniping of Woodcock, Gapes and Doughty — all supporters of Liz Kendall in the party leadership contest — stems from the same dishonourable source as the right-wing frenzy over Jeremy’s bow on Remembrance Sunday. They want to paint Labour’s leader as unpatriotic, as a friend of this country’s enemies.
But the warmongers have run this show for decades now. They cannot blame the peace movement for the terrible crimes committed against civilians by Isis.
Those who truly want to end the terrorist nightmare will face up to the role of Western governments in creating it, stop aiding and abetting the rebellion in Syria and start co-ordinating with Damascus and others on the front line in the battle to destroy this menace.

Seaweed component found to be a rice fertilizer

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Scientists at the National Crop Protection Center (NCPC) at the University of the Philippines Los Baños, the country’s premiere agricultural school, reports that carrageenan, a carbohydrate found in edible seaweeds, can increase rice yield by up to 65 percent under that country’s rice production practices.

A trial reportedly showed that adding a small amount of carrageenan to fertilizer led to higher grain weight, thereby increasing rice yields. News of the research results was recently posted on Rappler.com.

The research team led by Gil Magsino of NCPC furthered findings of previous studies showing that when carrageenan is degraded or reduced to tiny particles through irradiation technology, it can promote growth in rice plants and make it resistant to certain pests. Thus, it also becomes an effective natural fertilizer.

An additional contention is that carrageenan can improve rice productivity by strengthening rice stems and help prevent lodging when stems become too weak to carry the weight of the rice heads before harvest.

The researchers are also contending that carrageenan can also promote resistance to rice plant diseases like the rice tungro virus and bacterial leaf blight.

“This innovation of applying seaweed as fertilizer empowers our farmers to have access to cheaper but highly effective plant growth enhancers that boils down to improved harvest and increased income,” said Philippine Science Secretary Mario Montejo, as reported on Rappler.com.

Demand for the seawood from which the substance is refined could increase dramatically. There already are seaweed farmers in the Philippines, and the Philippines is a major global supplier of carrageenan. In 2011, it reportedly supplied 80 percent of the world’s seaweed. The seaweed components have been commonly used as a thickener or stabilizer for food products like ice cream and salad dressing, or as a binding agent for toothpaste and shampoo.

 

China released new “seed law”

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On November 4th, China’s National People’s Congress voted through the “seed law” amendment. Important modifications about seed production and management were made on the new “seed law”, which will effect on January 1st, 2016.

This revised “seed law” keep the variety approval system, improves the main crop variety approval system which promotes the integration of seed breeding and commercialization. For the management of genetically modified seeds, the new “seed law” is clear on the GM varieties to track the supervision and information disclosure. And those approved genetically modified crops must get production and operation licenses, variety authorization, registration and other requirements.

To protect the national food security, the new “seed law” has clarified in the general part that in order to promote the healthy development of seed industry, it should add more seed security review mechanisms when having external cooperation.

Communist Party of India (Marxist) on recent political developments

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The Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) met in New
Delhi from November 13 to 16, 2015. It has issued the following statement:

Bihar Elections
The people of Bihar have given a resounding defeat to the BJP alliance in the assembly elections. They have rejected the rank communal campaign conducted by the BJP, led by the Narendra Modi-Amit Shah duo with divisive issues including prescribing eating habits of the people and the bogey of reservations for minorities etc.This Bihar verdict should strengthen the fight against the rightwing communal forces all over the country.The campaign by the United Left bloc including the CPI(M), CPI and CPI(ML)-Liberation was well received by the people of Bihar.  The CPI(ML) won three seats.

Kerala Panchayat Elections
The verdict of the people in the elections to the local bodies in Kerala is
a rejection of the UDF government?s anti-people record and corruption. The
people have also rebuffed the communal politics of the BJP and its efforts
to rally leaders of caste-based organisations.The Central Committee congratulated the people of Kerala for reposing such faith in the LDF. The LDF campaigned unitedly and directly took up issues with the people.

Punjab Developments

The Central Committee expressed serious concern over the ominous political
developments taking place in Punjab, which are gravely disrupting peace and
communal harmony in the state. The failure of Badal Government in capturing
the culprits responsible for the desecration of the Guru Granth Sahib and
its inept handling of mass protests leading to the death of two Sikh youth
in police firing, is providing ammunition to Sikh fundamentalists and
pro-Khalisthani elements.

Economic Situation

PM Modi has unilaterally announced measures to further facilitate the loot
of Indian resources and markets by vastly enhancing the access of foreign
capital into India. All these decisions have been taken on the eve of the
winter session of the Parliament.  Worse they have been taken even without
the Cabinet approval.  This is a complete travesty of our system of
parliamentary democracy. PM Modi made these announcements with an aim to
appease foreign capital prior to his foreign visits.

Further Economic Burdens on the People

This license to loot for foreign capital comes at a time when the majority
of the Indian people continue to groan under newer economic burdens. Price
rise of essential commodities continues unabated. The prices of ?dal?, an
essential source of protein nutrition for the vast majority of the Indian
people, have risen beyond their reach. The prices of all other essential
commodities continue to rise.The agrarian distress is deepening. The announced MSP increases are so meagre that they do not even cover the production costs. This is
accelerating the distress suicides of our farmers.The latest data shows that compared to a 6.4 per cent growth rate last month
the index of industrial production has now fallen to 3.6 per cent.
Consequently, the growth rate of the manufacturing sector, the main
generator of jobs, has fallen from 6.9 per cent to 2.6 per cent. Appeasing
foreign capital under these conditions cannot translate automatically into
GDP growth. This is because the purchasing power in the hands of the Indian
people is sharply declining, leading to the contraction of domestic demand.

The staple daal roti has gone beyond the reach of the common people. On top
of this, petrol and diesel prices have been hiked once again.  Various
railway charges are increased.  A cess for `Swach Bharat?  has been imposed.

In this background whatever little relief that was being provided to the
Indian people through schemes like the Rural Employment Guarantee are also
being drastically cut.

Growing Communalisation And Intellectuals? Protest

All across India, communal tensions are being sharply escalated by the
RSS/BJP outfits.  Particularly in the run up to the Bihar elections, such
tensions were intensified.

Given the patronage by the BJP Central and state governments and the refusal
by PM Modi to take any action, various outfits of the RSS are being
emboldened by the day to mount such attacks that seek to undermine the
secular democratic foundations of our country and create widespread
insecurity amongst the religious minorities.

Protests by Intellectuals

The growing intolerance and the spread of hatred across the country has led,
amongst other violent attacks, to the murders of rationalist thinkers. A
large number of award winning litt?rateurs have returned their Sahitya
Academy and other recognition of excellence awards to the government in
protest.

They have been joined by internationally reputed historians, film and
theatre personalities. Hundreds of Indian scientists of international repute
have joined this form of protest. Such action by Indian intellectuals,
scientists and creative artists strengthens the resolve of all Indians who
cherish the secular democratic foundations of our Republic to defend our
country and people?s unity.

Left Parties Call

The six Left parties, CPI(M), CPI, CPI(ML)-Liberation, AIFB, RSP & SUCI (C)
have given a call to launch a nationwide campaign against the communal hate
offensive spearheaded by the RSS and patronized by this BJP led government,
from 1st to 6th December, 2015.

The Central Committee called upon all Party units to organise protests all
over the country.

Paris Attacks

The Central Committee of the CPI(M) strongly condemned the terror attacks
in Paris.  These recent spate of terror attacks in Baghdad, Beirut and now
Paris clearly indicate the mushrooming of such terrorist groups as a counter
to US/NATO military operations in Syria and military interventions elsewhere
in West Asia.

The Central Committee of the CPI(M) deeply mourns the death of innocent
people in these terror attacks and condemns such barbaric terror.

Myanmar

The Central Committee congratulated the National League for Democracy (NLD)
led by Aung San Su Kyi for winning a record three-fourths of the seats in
the elections in Myanmar. This emphatic expression for the restoration of
democracy in Myanmar is indeed historic for the people of that country and
will have an impact in the region.

Nepal

The Central Committee congratulated the people of Nepal for the adoption of
the secular Republican constitution. K.P Oli of the CPN(UML) was elected
Prime Minister and  Bidhya Devi Bhandari also of the CPN(UML) elected
President.

The opposition to this Constitution by certain Madhesi groups, supported by
Indian Hindutva organisations is resulting in violent protests in some parts
of this area. The virtual blockading of the border between India and Nepal
in many border points by the BJP central government is having a crippling
effect on Nepal. Consequently, anti-India sentiments have sharply escalated
in Nepal.  The Central Committee demands that the Indian Government must
immediately restore the movement of goods and supplies to Nepal.

Bangladesh

The Central Committee expressed serious concern at the growing
fundamentalist attacks in Bangladesh. There are contesting reports. On the
one hand the activity of the ISIS is reportedly growing and on the other the
Awami League government alleges that the rival opposition BNP and its
Islamic fundamentalist allies are whipping up such attacks as a part of
their agenda to destablise the present government.

These developments however have a very strong impact on the neighbouring
states in India particularly West Bengal and Assam.

The Central Committee finalized the Draft Report on Organisation to be sent
to all State Committees. The Central Committee will meet on December 26 and
finalise the report to be presented to the Plenum beginning December 27,
2015 at Kolkata.

Massive preparations through state wide jathas and mass contact programmes
are underway in West Bengal to make this plenum a big success.

U.S. Futures Daily Cotton Market – 17th November, 2015

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Contract Open * High Low Close * Settle Change
Dec ’15 61.88 62.25 61.44 61.55 61.53 -0.21
Mar 16 62.59 63.37 62.55 62.76 62.67 +0.06
May 16 63.53 64.04 63.30 63.47 63.38 +0.15
  Jul 16 63.95 64.42 63.72 63.72 63.77 +0.15
Oct ’16 0 0 0 0 63.76 +0.77
� Open and Close prices reflect the first and last trade in the market and do not correlate to any opening or        closing period �
Cotlook ‘A’ Index 69.25 (+0.25)

**MARKET OUTLOOK**


India & International
 Market Highlights:

• The Southern India Mills’ Association has hailed the Central Government’s decision for considering its pleas and enhancing the drawback rates and value caps for various value added products.

• Cotton prices remained firm after Diwali Holidays.

North Zone:

Cotton traded steady tone across major spot markets of north India on Wednesday. 
Prices were up Rs 20-25 per maund. In Punjab, ready delivery cotton traded at Rs 3415-3425 a maund. In Haryana, it offered at Rs 3,365-3,375 while in Rajasthan, ready delivery new cotton quoted at Rs 3,315-3,385 a maund.

Central Zone:


Cotton spot prices steady tone across west India market on Wednesday. Gujarat Sankar-6 new cotton traded at  Rs 32100-32400 per candy and Sankar-6 old variety was traded at  Rs 32000-32500 per candy of 356 kg for best quality cotton. while B-Grade Cotton traded flat at Rs 31500-31800 per candy. V 797 cotton offered at Rs 23500-24500 a candy. While in Maharashtra, New Crop cotton good grade quoted at Rs 32000-32500 a candy.


South Zone:


Cotton spot price was steady tone across the major trading centers of south India.  

US Cotton Futures :

Cotton Rises as Rain Delays U.S. Harvest: November 17, 2015 – Cotton prices rose Tuesday on ideas that rain could further damage crops in U.S. growing regions. Cotton for March delivery rose 0.9% to 63.20 cents a pound, on track for its largest rise since Oct. 30. In the U.S., the cotton harvest is running behind schedule, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. As of Nov. 15, the U.S. crop was 64% harvested versus 74% on average. Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia are the most behind as heavy rains disrupted harvests there. More rain is on the way later this week, WeatherBELL Analytics said in a note. “It is likely that more crops in these areas will be damaged,” Jack Scoville, vice president of Price Futures Group said in a note. “Production in the Carolinas already took a hit from the big rains seen over the summer.” Traders are weighing lower production against a world teeming with cotton stockpiles. The contract has had a difficult time breaking out of a tight trading range this year as cotton continues to lose market share to cheaper synthetic fibers and China, the world’s largest cotton consumer, attempts to unwind from its large cotton stores. In other markets, raw sugar for March dropped 3% to 14.72 cents a pound, frozen concentrated orange juice futures for January fell 2.4% to $1.499 a pound, cocoa for March rose 0.1% to $3,379 a ton and arabica coffee futures for March were up 0.7% at $1.19 a pound. Source:http://www.nasdaq.com

Pakistan :

Cotton market: Panic buying seen by mills ahead of PCGA report: November 18, 2015 – Mills indulged in panic buying on the cotton market on Tuesday ahead of the Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association (PCGA) report shortly, dealers said. The official spot rate was unchanged at Rs 5,300, dealers said. In Sindh, seed cotton prices were at Rs 2400 and Rs 3000 and in the Punjab rates were at Rs 2500 and Rs 3100, they said. In the ready business, over 20,000 of deals were finalised between Rs 4800 and Rs 5600, they said. Some of experts were of the view that reports of crop size and stable dollar propelling mills to make fresh deals, besides fine variety is also a factor behind the rise in fresh demand. Cotton analyst, Naseem Usman said that as a whole, market is firm but higher cost of doing business is not encouraging traders or mills to run their business with a peace of mind. Locally, traders were importing cotton because of short crop, furthermore, weaker Indian rupee is also helping them to make fresh deals, he added. Reuters adds: ICE cotton futures touched their highest level since early November on Monday on a chart-fuelled jump, before paring gains on producer selling. A breach of resistance at a long-term downtrend line around 62.60 cents per lb and the 20-and-50-day moving averages was technically positive, said a US trader. The March cotton contract on ICE Futures US settled up 0.62 cent, or one percent, at 62.61 cents per lb. It traded as high as 63.55 cents a lb. The cash to second-month spread fell 0.52 cent to 0.9 cents per lb. Total futures market volume rose by 15,164 to 56,559 lots. Data showed total open interest fell 7,644 to 184,225 contracts in the previous session. The following deals reported, 1000 bales from Tando Adam at Rs 4800-4900, 400 bales from Nawabshah at Rs 5300, 3000 bales from Khairpur at Rs 5350-5400, 400 bales from Rohri at Rs 5500, 400 bales from Ghotki at Rs 5650, 400 bales from Dharki at Rs 5650, 800 bales from Mirpur Mathailo at Rs 5650, 400 bales from Khanpur Mehar at Rs 5650, 400 bales from Bakhar at Rs 5400, 400 bales from Rajanpur at Rs 5400, 400 bales from Layyah at Rs 5450, 800 bales from Faqirwali at Rs 5450, 600 bales from Dera Ghazi Khan at Rs 5450-5500, 600 bales from Alipur at Rs 5450, 400 bales from Burewala at Rs 5460, 400 bales from Bahawalpur at Rs 5500, 1600 bales from Fort Abbas at Rs 5500-5525, 1000 bales from Yazman Mandi at Rs 5500-5525, 1400 bales from Rahim Yar Khan at Rs 5550-5600, 5000 bales from Mianwali at Rs 5575-5625 and 1000 bales from Sadiqabad at Rs 5600, dealers said.

China :

Blended yarn price remains stable in China while falls in India: 16-11-2015 : In Qianqing, PC (65/35) 32s yarn prices were up US cent 1 a kg in the first week of November while 45s PC combed yarn prices were stable. Prices of blended yarn declined in line with fibre prices in recent weeks. In China, polyester-cotton generally rolled over but there is a possibility of a decline in coming weeks. In India, polyester-cotton prices declined 1.5% in Ludhiana whereas polyester-viscose was lost a tad in Indore. 30s (65/35) PV yarn prices were down US cents 2 a kg in the wee in Indore market. In Ludhiana, PC 30s (52/48) prices fell US cents 4 on the week. Blended yarn buyers in Pakistan expect prices to remain firm in the coming weeks, due to anti-dumping duties on PSF imports from China. Large sales were reported, especially for polyester-cotton of 31s and 24s yarns. However, buyers rejected any price hike while offers may remain stable or slightly down in the coming weeks. Courtesy: Weekly PriceWatch Report

నాడు ‘పడక’ నేడు ‘పడి’ రైతులను ముంచిన వానలు

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ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్‌లో, ఎగువ రాష్ట్రాలలో ఖరీఫ్‌ సీజనలో సరైన వర్షాలు పడక నాగార్జున సాగర్‌, మరికొన్ని ప్రాంతాల రైతాంగం ఈ ఏడాది పంటలను నష్టపోయింది. బంగాళాఖాతంలో ఏర్పడిన వాయుగుండం కోస్తాలోని నెల్లూరు నుంచి గోదావరి జిల్లాలు, రాయలసీమలోని చిత్తూరు, కడప జిల్లాలో రైతాంగానికి పెను గండంగా మారింది. లక్షలాది ఎకరాలలోని పంటలు నీట మునిగినట్లు వార్తలు ఆందోళన కలగిస్తున్నాయి. వర్షాలు తగ్గు ముఖం పట్టిన తరువాత గానీ నష్ట తీవ్రతను అంచనా వేయటం సాధ్యం కాదు.

ఎగువ ప్రాంతాలలో వర్షాలు లేని కారణంగా ఈ ఏడాది శ్రీశైలం, నాగార్జున సాగర్‌ రిజర్వాయర్లకు తగిన నీరు రాలేదు. ఈ కారణంగా ధాన్యం సాధారణ సాగు ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్‌లో 16,75,518 హెక్టార్లకు గాను అధికారిక లెక్కల ప్రకారం ఖరీఫ్‌ సీజన్లో 13,76,515 హెక్టార్లలో మాత్రమే సాగు చేశారు. ప్రకాశంలో 27, గుంటూరు జిల్లాలో 66, కృష్టా 81శాతం మాత్రమే( అదీ కృష్ణా డెల్టా ప్రాంతం) సాగైంది. సాగర్‌ ప్రాంతంలో నాట్లు పడలేదు. ఇప్పుడు గత మూడు రోజులుగా కురుస్తున్న వర్షాలు సాగు చేసిన ప్రాంతంలోని వరితో, కోస్తా , రాయలసీమ జిల్లాలన్నింటా మెట్ట పంటలకు సైతం పెద్ద నష్టాన్ని కలగచేస్తాయని రైతాంగ ఆందోళన చెందుతోంది. సకాలంలో వర్షాలు లేక కొన్ని ప్రాంతాలు నష్టపోతే అకాల వర్షాలు అన్ని ప్రాంతాలను దెబ్బతీస్తున్నాయి. కేంద్ర, రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వాలు వుదారంగా ఆదుకోనట్లయితే రైతాంగం మరింతగా అప్పుల ఊబిలో కూరుకు పోనుంది.

G20 leaders falling US$4 trillion short of growth target

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Author: Adam Triggs, ANU

The IMF gave G20 leaders some bad news in Turkey: they are not doing enough to lift growth. The G20 has not implemented enough of their previous commitments and their goal of increasing G20 GDP by US$2 trillion by 2018 is falling short by about US$4 trillion. The problem is that G20 leaders are stuck in a business-as-usual mindset. Their commitments are duplicative and relate to reforms they were already planning to undertake. The G20 needs to break out of this mindset by urgently changing the process through which commitments are made in order to deliver meaningful reforms that will boost global growth.

In 2014, G20 leaders committed to implement about 1000 country-specific reforms, with the goal of lifting G20 GDP by 2 per cent (about US$2 trillion) by 2018. Unfortunately, since then, global growth forecasts have been downgraded six times. Instead of being US$2 trillion larger, G20 GDP for 2018 is forecast be about US$2 trillion smaller. This is a serious problem for the global economy, not to mention the credibility of the G20, which now has just three years to come up with US$4 trillion of growth.

In response to this challenge, G20 leaders met in Turkey on 15–16 November and added new reforms to their growth strategies. They developed new documents called ‘investment strategies’ to address the anaemic levels of investment in many economies. But leaders are starting to display ‘reform churn’ where, each year, previous commitments are discarded and new ones added.

For Australia, paid parental leave is out, but childcare funding is in. The medical co-payment and company tax cuts are out, but the small business package is in. And while higher education reforms remain, it’s quite possible they won’t be there next year if the Australian Senate has anything to do with it.

In the US, Obama’s immigration reforms, tipped to increase US GDP by a significant 3.2 per cent by 2023, are now being challenged by 26 US states. Public investment in Germany and market-oriented reforms in China are similarly too small or too slow to contribute what was promised under the original US$2 trillion growth goal.

While the G20 says it has implemented half of its commitments from the 2014 Brisbane summit, they have not implemented the reforms that matter. This figure also seems dubious since, under the Turkish presidency, the G20 is now only monitoring about 100 of the original 1000 commitments.

Leaders made important new commitments which will be implemented throughout China’s G20 presidency in 2016. Leaders will work to strengthen the global financial safety net. On trade, leaders urged prompt ratification and implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and, following agreement of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, committed to ensuring bilateral, regional and plurilateral trade agreements complement one another. Leaders also completed core elements of the financial reform agenda and endorsed a new commitment to reduce youth unemployment.

Investment is a welcomed focus from the Turkey summit. For advanced economies in particular, investment collapsed during the global financial crisis and has struggled to recover. But the 300 commitments that make up the G20 investment strategies are largely duplicative of its growth strategies and include many of the same initiatives, particularly around infrastructure investment. Analysis by the OECD indicates these strategies will lift the aggregate G20 investment-to-GDP ratio by 1 percentage point by 2018. Although welcome, it is unclear whether this would translate into any additional growth over and above what is already built into the existing growth strategies.

The G20’s investment initiatives still remain too focused on public investment, which is woefully incapable of addressing the US$50 trillion global infrastructure gap. There is a conspicuous absence of any focus on improving multilateral investment. There is clear scope to exploit synergies between investment funding by the World Bank, G20 Infrastructure Hub, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Asian Development Bank, to name a few.

The growing presence of investment chapters in free-trade agreements as well as bilateral and plurilateral investment treaties demonstrates a clear need for a global investment treaty. Yet, despite repeated calls from the WTO and trade experts to do so, the G20 has not identified this as a priority for boosting investment.

The G20 is an informal forum meaning there is no permanent secretariat and countries do not face penalties or sanctions for falling short on their commitments. Historically, attempts to change this have failed miserably. The only way to get better commitments seems to be by reforming the processes through which commitments are made. There are several reforms the G20 could immediately undertake to strengthen peer pressure and accountability.

First, the G20 needs to stop duplicating commitments. Having growth strategies, investment strategies, fiscal strategies, action plans and employment plans makes little sense. These should be rolled into a single document. The G20 growth strategies is the obvious choice.

Second, the G20 peer review process tends to be largely isolated to lower-level officials with limited engagement from finance deputies, sherpas, ministers and leaders who have the greatest capacity to influence outcomes. Peer review needs to be much more integrated and should take place at all levels, but particularly ministers and leaders.

Third, accountability at the level of officials could be improved. The G20 should adopt a panel of economic experts from outside the G20 community to provide practical suggestions on the individual strategies of members. Providing practical and specific recommendations is often politically easier for an independent panel of experts than it is for G20 countries or even international organisations.

Finally, leaders and ministers are unlikely to make ambitious commitments if there is little public interest back home. Strengthening the G20’s engagement with the public is therefore critically important. To encourage such engagement, members should be required to formally outline through the peer review process what actions they will take to engage with their public on their growth strategy. This could include public events, roundtables and interviews, fora with academic experts, as well as media campaigns and advertising.

The G20 is uniquely placed to provide political cover for G20 members to undertake coordinated reforms. These initiatives will not only boost the G20 forum but can assist countries in undertaking tough reforms back home.